Control And Coordination Class 10 Notes

Mastering Control and Coordination: A Comprehensive Guide for Class 10.

Control and coordination are essential for smooth functioning and survival in the complex web of life. Exploring the concept of control and coordination is a fascinating way for Class 10 pupils to learn about the intricacies of biology and how living things control and regulate their numerous physiological processes. This foundational chapter opens the door to understanding the inner workings of living things, revealing the secrets of signal transmission, response generation, and balance maintenance. We will take a voyage to understand the subtleties of the neurological and endocrine systems, analyzing their mechanisms and the mutually beneficial relationship they share in composing the symphony of life, in these Class 10 notes on control and coordination.

Control And Coordination Class 10 Notes.

The structural and Functional units of the Nervous system are Neurons or Nerve cells.
The nervous system includes

The Brain.
Spinal cord.
Nerves.

3. The other organ system for control and coordination of various life processes is the Endocrine or hormonal system.

Coordination in Plants-

In plants, there is no centralized nervous system like in animals, but they do have a system of electrical signals. These signals can be triggered by various stimuli, such as light or touch, and travel through the plant to elicit a response.

Chemical Signaling:

Plant hormones play a crucial role in chemical signaling. These signaling molecules regulate various physiological processes in plants, including growth, development, and responses to environmental stimuli.

Plants respond to light, touch, gravitational force, and other stimuli.
The function of control and coordination in plants is regulated by chemical substances known as Plant hormones or Phytohormones.

Ex- auxins, gibberellin, cytokinins, abscisic acid (ABA), and Ethylene.

The movement of plants in the direction of stimulus is known as Tropism.
When a growing plant is illuminated by unidirectional light it responds by bending towards the light is called Phototropism.
Roots of plant shows Geotropism.
Movement due to chemical stimulus - Chemotropism.
No movement to a stimulus called Nastic movement.
Flowering and seed germination in plants are regulated by the duration of light called Photoperiodism.
Plants respond to this by the presence of small pigments called Phytochrome.

Coordination in Animals-

Animals receive a variety of external information through specialised structures called Sense organs ( Receptors).

Photoreceptors for light.
Photoreceptors for sound.
Olfactory receptors for smell.

The receptors pass information to the brain by a type of nerve cells called Sensory neurons.

Motor neurons - transmit information from the brain to effector organs.

The Vertebrate Nervous system is composed of-

Central nervous system - Brain and Spinal cord.
Peripheral nervous system- Cranial, spinal, visceral nerves.

Human Nervous System.

Neurons are the largest cells found in the body.

The functional junction between Neurons is called Synapse.

The information passing through neurons are in the form of chemical and electrical signals called Nerve impulse - carried by dendrites towards the cell body.

The axon conducts impulses away from the cell body to another neuron or tissue through Synapse.

Human Brain-

The brain is protected by the bony box in the skull called the cranium.

The brain is covered by 3 membranes called meninges.

The space between membranes is filled by cerebrospinal fluid that protects the brain from mechanical shocks.

The brain is broadly divided into 3 regions-

Forebrain.
Middle brain.
Hindbrain.

The forebrain includes the cerebrum and olfactory lobes.

The cerebrum is the most complex and specialized part of the brain.

It consists of 2 cerebral hemispheres.

It has sensory areas where information is received from sense organs, Also there is a motor area where impulses are sent to muscle or effector organs.

The Hindbrain- cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata.

Medulla oblongata regulates- swallowing, coughing, sneezing, and vomiting.

Pons- take part in the regulation of respiration.

Cerebellum- movement and posture coordination.

The spinal cord is also surrounded by meninges.

Autonomic nervous system- mainly controls and integrates the function of internal organs like the heart, blood vessels, glands, smooth muscles, and uterus in the body.

EEG- Electro Encephalogram Graphy can record the electrical activity of the brain.

Reflection action- An unconscious and involuntary response of effectors to stimulus.

Ex- Sudden withdrawal of hands-on touching very hot materials.

Hormones.

The term hormones was introduced by Bayliss and Stasling.

Hormones are chemical substances secreted in trace amounts by specialized tissues called Endocrine glands.

Endocrine glands have no ducts to pass their hormones. They are Ductless Glands.

Characteristics of Hormones.

They are specific chemical messengers.
They are secreted by endocrine glands.
They are poured directly into the blood and carried by blood circulation.
They act on specific tissues/organs called target organs.

Hypothalamus- Regulation of the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland.

Pituitary gland- (hypophysis) - Growth hormones Tropic hormones.

development of bones and muscles. regulation of secretion of hormones from the endocrine gland, like the adrenal, thyroid, testes, and ovary.

Prolactin-regulation of the function of the mammary gland.

vasopressin- regulation of water and electrolyte balance.

oxytocin- stimulates contractions of smooth muscles, and helps in childbirth lactation.

Thyroid- thyroxin- regulation of metabolism of carbohydrate, fat, and protein.

parathyroid- parathyroid hormone- regulation of blood calcium and phosphate.

Adrenal - Adrenalin and coracoids- regulation of blood pressure, heart rate, carbohydrate metabolism, and mineral balance.

Pancreas- Insulin- glucagon- - lowering of blood glucose.

Glucogen- increasing of blood glucose.

Testes- Testorene- regulation of male accessory sex organs and secondary sexual characters like mustache, beard, and voice.

Ovary- Estrogen and Progesterone- regulation of female accessory sex organs and secondary sexual characters like mammary gland, maintenance of pregnancy.

MCQs on Control And Coordination.

Human Nervous System:

Question: What are the structural and functional units of the nervous system?

A) Hormones

B) Neurons

C) Photoreceptors

D) Sense organs

Answer: B) Neurons

Explanation: Neurons or nerve cells are the structural and functional units of the nervous system.

Question: What is the functional junction between neurons called?

A) Synapse

B) Dendrite

C) Axon

D) Nerve impulse

Answer: A) Synapse

Explanation: The functional junction between neurons is called a synapse.

Question: What is the information passing through neurons in the form of?

A) Hormones

B) Electrical signals

C) Chemical signals

D) Photons

Answer: C) Chemical signals

Explanation: Information passing through neurons is in the form of chemical and electrical signals known as nerve impulses.

Question: What part of the neuron carries impulses away from the cell body?

A) Dendrite

B) Synapse

C) Axon

D) Nucleus

Answer: C) Axon

Explanation: The axon conducts impulses away from the cell body.

Question: What is the largest part of the human brain?

A) Hindbrain

B) Cerebrum

C) Cerebellum

D) Medulla oblongata

Answer: B) Cerebrum

Explanation: The cerebrum is the most complex and specialized part of the brain.

Hormones:

Question: Who introduced the term "hormones"?

A) Bayliss and Stasling

B) Darwin and Mendel

C) Watson and Crick

D) Curie and Rutherford

Answer: A) Bayliss and Stasling

Explanation: The term "hormones" was introduced by Bayliss and Stasling.

Question: Where are hormones secreted from?

A) Nerve cells

B) Endocrine glands

C) Sense organs

D) Neurons

Answer: B) Endocrine glands

Explanation: Hormones are chemical substances secreted by endocrine glands.

Question: What is the characteristic of hormones?

A) They are secreted by exocrine glands

B) They act on any tissue in the body

C) They are poured directly into the lymphatic system

D) They act on specific target organs

Answer: D) They act on specific target organs

Explanation: Hormones act on specific tissues/organs called target organs.

Question: Which gland regulates the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland?

A) Thyroid

B) Pancreas

C) Hypothalamus

D) Adrenal

Answer: C) Hypothalamus

Explanation: The hypothalamus regulates the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland.

Question: What does the hormone vasopressin regulate?

A) Blood pressure

B) Blood glucose

C) Water and electrolyte balance

D) Muscle contractions

Answer: C) Water and electrolyte balance

Explanation: Vasopressin regulates water and electrolyte balance.

Human Nervous System:

Question: What fluid protects the brain from mechanical shocks?

A) Blood

B) Cerebrospinal fluid

C) Lymph

D) Synaptic fluid

Answer: B) Cerebrospinal fluid

Explanation: The space between the membranes covering the brain is filled by cerebrospinal fluid, which protects the brain from mechanical shocks.

Question: What are the three regions of the human brain?

A) Frontal, parietal, occipital

B) Forebrain, middle brain, hindbrain

C) Cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata

D) Left hemisphere, right hemisphere, midbrain

Answer: B) Forebrain, middle brain, hindbrain

Explanation: The human brain is broadly divided into three regions: forebrain, middle brain, and hindbrain.

Question: Which part of the brain regulates movements and posture coordination?

A) Cerebrum

B) Medulla oblongata

C) Pons

D) Cerebellum

Answer: D) Cerebellum

Explanation: The cerebellum is responsible for movement and posture coordination.

Question: What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A) Regulation of respiration

B) Regulation of heartbeat

C) Regulation of digestion

D) Regulation of vision

Answer: A) Regulation of respiration

Explanation: The medulla oblongata regulates functions like swallowing, coughing, sneezing, and respiration.

Question: Which nervous system controls and integrates the functions of internal organs?

A) Central nervous system

B) Peripheral nervous system

C) Autonomic nervous system

D) Somatic nervous system

Answer: C) Autonomic nervous system

Explanation: The autonomic nervous system mainly controls and integrates the functions of internal organs.

Hormones:

Question: What is the role of prolactin?

A) Regulation of blood pressure

B) Regulation of mammary gland function

C) Regulation of metabolism

D) Regulation of bone development

Answer: B) Regulation of mammary gland function

Explanation: Prolactin regulates the function of the mammary gland.

Question: Which hormone is responsible for the regulation of blood calcium and phosphate?

A) Thyroxin

B) Parathyroid hormone

C) Insulin

D) Adrenaline

Answer: B) Parathyroid hormone

Explanation: Parathyroid hormone regulates blood calcium and phosphate levels.

Question: What is the function of oxytocin?

A) Regulation of water balance

B) Stimulation of muscle contractions

C) Regulation of blood glucose

D) Inhibition of bone growth

Answer: B) Stimulation of muscle contractions

Explanation: Oxytocin stimulates contractions of smooth muscles, aiding in childbirth and lactation.

Question: Which hormone is responsible for the regulation of the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?

A) Adrenalin

B) Thyroxin

C) Insulin

D) Growth hormone

Answer: B) Thyroxin

Explanation: Thyroxin regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Question: What is the function of insulin?

A) Increasing blood glucose

B) Regulating blood pressure

C) Lowering blood glucose

D) Stimulating muscle contractions

Answer: C) Lowering blood glucose

Explanation: Insulin lowers blood glucose levels.

Human Nervous System:

Question: What can record the electrical activity of the brain?

A) EKG

B) EEG

C) MRI

D) PET scan

Answer: B) EEG (Electro Encephalogram Graphy)

Explanation: EEG can record the electrical activity of the brain.

Question: What is the term for an unconscious and involuntary response of effectors to a stimulus?

A) Reflex action

B) Voluntary action

C) Contraction

D) Inhibition

Answer: A) Reflex action

Explanation: Reflex action is an unconscious and involuntary response to a stimulus.

Question: Which part of the nervous system transmits information from the brain to effector organs?

A) Sensory neurons

B) Motor neurons

C) Interneurons

D) Synaptic neurons

Answer: B) Motor neurons

Explanation: Motor neurons transmit information from the brain to effector organs.

Question: What is the movement of plants in response to a stimulus known as?

A) Reflex

B) Tropism

C) Nastic movement

D) Chemotropism

Answer: B) Tropism

Explanation: The movement of plants in response to a stimulus is known as tropism.

Question: What regulates flowering and seed germination in plants?

A) Phytochrome

B) Auxins

C) Gibberellin

D) Cytokinins

Answer: A) Phytochrome

Explanation: Photoperiodism in plants, including flowering and seed germination, is regulated by the presence of small pigments called phytochrome.

Hormones:

Question: Which hormone is responsible for the regulation of male accessory sex organs and secondary sexual characters?

A) Estrogen

B) Progesterone

C) Testosterone

D) Prolactin

Answer: C) Testosterone

Explanation: Testosterone regulates male accessory sex organs and secondary sexual characters.

Question: What is the role of estrogen and progesterone in females?

A) Regulation of mammary gland function

B) Regulation of water balance

C) Regulation of female accessory sex organs and secondary sexual characters

D) Regulation of blood calcium and phosphate

Answer: C) Regulation of female accessory sex organs and secondary sexual characters

Explanation: Estrogen and progesterone regulate female accessory sex organs and secondary sexual characteristics.

Question: Which gland is responsible for the secretion of growth hormones and tropic hormones?

A) Thyroid

B) Pancreas

C) Adrenal

D) Pituitary gland

Answer: D) Pituitary gland

Explanation: The pituitary gland secretes growth hormones and tropic hormones.

Question: What hormone is released during the "fight or flight" response?

A) Adrenalin

B) Cortisol

C) Insulin

D) Thyroxin

Answer: A) Adrenalin

Explanation: Adrenalin is released during the "fight or flight" response, regulating blood pressure, heart rate, and carbohydrate metabolism.

Question: What is the function of vasopressin?

A) Regulation of metabolism

B) Regulation of water and electrolyte balance

C) Stimulation of muscle contractions

D) Lowering blood glucose

Answer: B) Regulation of water and electrolyte balance

Explanation: Vasopressin regulates water and electrolyte balance.

Human Nervous System:

Question: What is the term for the bending of a growing plant toward unidirectional light?

A) Geotropism

B) Phototropism

C) Chemotropism

D) Nastic movement

Answer: B) Phototropism

Explanation: Phototropism is the movement of a growing plant toward unidirectional light.

Question: Which part of the brain is responsible for receiving information from sense organs?

A) Hindbrain

B) Cerebellum

C) Forebrain

D) Medulla oblongata

Answer: C) Forebrain

Explanation: The forebrain, particularly the cerebrum, has sensory areas where information is received from sense organs.

Question: What type of movement is exhibited by roots growing in response to gravity?

A) Phototropism

B) Chemotropism

C) Geotropism

D) Nastic movement

Answer: C) Geotropism

Explanation: Geotropism is the movement of plant parts in response to gravity.

Question: What is the term for movement in response to a chemical stimulus in plants?

A) Phototropism

B) Chemotropism

C) Geotropism

D) Nastic movement

Answer: B) Chemotropism

Explanation: Chemotropism is movement in response to a chemical stimulus.

Question: What is the term for the movement of plants that is not directed toward or away from a stimulus?

A) Nastic movement

B) Phototropism

C) Geotropism

D) Chemotropism

Answer: A) Nastic movement

Explanation: Nastic movement is a non-directional movement in response to a stimulus.

Hormones:

Question: Which hormone is responsible for the regulation of blood pressure, heart rate, and carbohydrate metabolism?

A) Adrenalin

B) Cortisol

C) Insulin

D) Thyroxin

Answer: A) Adrenalin

Explanation: Adrenalin regulates blood pressure, heart rate, and carbohydrate metabolism.

Question: What hormone is essential for the development of bones and muscles?

A) Prolactin

B) Growth hormone

C) Testosterone

D) Thyroxin

Answer: B) Growth hormone

Explanation: Growth hormone is essential for the development of bones and muscles.

Question: What is the primary function of the hormone insulin?

A) Increasing blood glucose

B) Regulating blood pressure

C) Lowering blood glucose

D) Stimulating muscle contractions

Answer: C) Lowering blood glucose

Explanation: Insulin's primary function is to lower blood glucose levels.

Question: Which gland regulates the secretion of hormones from various endocrine glands?

A) Adrenal

B) Thyroid

C) Pancreas

D) Hypothalamus

Answer: D) Hypothalamus

Explanation: The hypothalamus regulates the secretion of hormones from various endocrine glands.

Question: What is the term for the unconscious withdrawal of hands from a hot surface?

A) Voluntary action

B) Reflex action

C) Involuntary action

D) Nastic movement

Answer: B) Reflex action

Explanation: The unconscious withdrawal of hands from a hot surface is a reflex action.

Human Nervous System:

Question: What is the function of the sense organs in animals?

A) Motor control

B) Hormone secretion

C) Reception of external information

D) Blood circulation

Answer: C) Reception of external information

Explanation: Sense organs in animals are specialized structures for receiving external information.

Question: Which part of the nervous system regulates involuntary functions such as heartbeat and digestion?

A) Central nervous system

B) Peripheral nervous system

C) Autonomic nervous system

D) Somatic nervous system

Answer: C) Autonomic nervous system

Explanation: The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions like heartbeat and digestion.

Question: What is the term for an instrument that records the electrical activity of the brain?

A) Microscope

B) Electrocardiogram

C) Electroencephalogram

D) Stethoscope

Answer: C) Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Explanation: An EEG records the electrical activity of the brain.

Question: Which part of the brain is responsible for the regulation of respiration?

A) Cerebrum

B) Pons

C) Medulla oblongata

D) Cerebellum

Answer: C) Medulla oblongata

Explanation: The medulla oblongata regulates functions like respiration.

Question: What is the term for an unconscious and involuntary response of effectors to a stimulus?

A) Voluntary action

B) Reflex action

C) Involuntary action

D) Nastic movement

Answer: B) Reflex action

Explanation: Reflex action is an unconscious and involuntary response to a stimulus.

Hormones:

Question: What is the function of the hormone vasopressin?

A) Regulation of metabolism

B) Regulation of water and electrolyte balance

C) Stimulation of muscle contractions

D) Lowering blood glucose

Answer: B) Regulation of water and electrolyte balance

Explanation: Vasopressin regulates water and electrolyte balance.

Question: Which hormone is responsible for the development of mammary glands and lactation?

A) Prolactin

B) Oxytocin

C) Thyroxin

D) Estrogen

Answer: A) Prolactin

Explanation: Prolactin is responsible for the development of mammary glands and lactation.

Question: What is the role of the hormone oxytocin?

A) Regulation of water balance

B) Stimulation of muscle contractions and childbirth

C) Regulation of blood calcium

D) Regulation of metabolism

Answer: B) Stimulation of muscle contractions and childbirth

Explanation: Oxytocin stimulates smooth muscle contractions, aiding in childbirth.

Question: Which gland is often referred to as the "master gland" because it regulates other endocrine glands?

A) Thyroid

B) Pituitary gland

C) Adrenal gland

D) Pancreas

Answer: B) Pituitary gland

Explanation: The pituitary gland is often called the "master gland" for its regulatory role.

Question: What hormone is essential for the regulation of blood calcium and phosphate levels?

A) Insulin

B) Parathyroid hormone

C) Adrenaline

D) Growth hormone

Answer: B) Parathyroid hormone

Explanation: Parathyroid hormone regulates blood calcium and phosphate levels.

What are the two types of control and coordination?

There are two types of co-ordinations i.e., nervous and hormonal co-ordination.

What are the two principles of coordination?

Continuity:- It is the most important principle of coordination. Because it is a continuous process and cannot be left or restricted to some activities. The entire organization requires coordination around the clock. Reciprocal Relationship:- It is the best principle of effective coordination.

What are the main components of coordination?

Coordinated movement is characterized by appropriate speed, distance, direction, timing and muscular tension.

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